Curiosity

Wildly 41

I turn 41 at 1:41PM EST on May 19th, 2023.

As I reflect on a few recent birthday wishes, my 33rd birthday wish was granted, there’s less anticipation and a compelling sense of retirement from 39 remains on tap, and this year’s birthday definitely feels less poetic than Eclipsing 40, but I’m still here. Let’s celebrate.

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What’s one word to describe your work?

One word to sum up my work this year, is wild. I remain thankful for the privilege to perceptually learn through the art of connection, content creation, and exploration on the frontiers of technology. Here are a few ways we’ve continued to collaborate together!

Along with the wild in my work, I’m just as grateful for the health and happiness of family and friends. There are countless milestones that have brewed joy in different ways. While most will remain cherished without sharing, here are a few memorable moments that have art to accompany the adventure. Stay wild my friends!

©1982-2023

By Ben McDougal, ago

Phygital

Phygital is a nerdy good term.

The combination of physical and digital is something humanity has been experimenting with for centuries. The history of electronic engineering is straight inventive and the conversational AI powering our new ChatUX in BEN BOT knew about the concept before I even asked.

Perhaps this means I’m late to the party, but at web3dsm last week, I was introduced to this “phygital” word. As I’ve thought more about it, phygital feels like a term to help us think about the blends between physical and digital worlds. Phygital experiences have connectivity (or potential to do so) in almost everything man-made.

Phygital products exist in seemingly all industry sectors. Basically anything with electricity, and of course, technology products with electronic hardware and of course, all IoT products designed to be smart. These days, everything has an app option, eh. As I roasted on this writing, the computer and smartphone kept earning my mental vote for the most personified examples of a physical device that layers the entire user experience (“UX”) into a digital counterpart. Radio and TV can earn runner-up recognition if they don’t want left out, haha!

So, how did a recent web3 conversation lead to this new word? When more wayfinders start sharing ideas, the expansion of one’s thoughts can be dilated and intensified. After Josh Larson helped us paint a conversation with generative AI, prompt engineering, and liberating bias systems in digital art, the articulated use of phygital and a compelling use case stuck with me.

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I’ve enjoyed building web3dsm with a decentralized team of volunteers. Along with being another energizing community building exercise, the compelling IRL conversations with fellow technologists has activated curiosity and thickened many people’s understandings of different concepts within web3. Over the past 7 months, we’ve featured amazing web3 projects alongside cooperative education, complimented by deep thinking amongst a growing number of community leaders.

Alright… imagine a hoodie with a passive chip.

When scanned by a phone, the clothing activates a treasured digital experience. Think about it. Maybe you already have? Ta daa! Digital clothing.

You’d need a strong tech team and some luck in loud markets, but the idea of chip-enabled clothing feels like pure wonder, but also possible with an inquisitive team, expanding access to required components, attention from the right audience, and the right community-driven initiative. Hmm…

Phygital clothing is extra crazy too, because it’s been such a traditional example of a physical product. Clothing is also designed to be a very personal choice. As clothing continues to be initialized by electronics, the digital companion will introduce almost endless depth. Embedding fresh remarkability, accessibility, different states to unlock, real-time incentives, network effects, and transcendent brand loyalty. Wow.

Whether you get electronic clothing from me or not, I predict more clothing will soon have the option to connect, even offering digital options to pair with what you wear. Alright, it’s been fun to reflect on the future of fashion, but this idea machine is scheduled for a pit stop. As always, reply to connect and I’ll look forward to bonus interactions.

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Another spellbinding term is #ChatUX. This may be our theme for next week, so if a friend shared this with you, confirm your free Roasted Reflections subscription. If you’ve enjoyed my weekly writing for years, thanks again and keep building my friend.

By Ben McDougal, ago

Non-Fungible Fabric

Ownership is a fundamental principle of web3. NFTs (“non-fungible tokens”) are digital assets supported by smart contracts that connect to a blockchain. Each NFT is unique, which allows code to autonomously apply, track, and transfer digital signatures and verifiable ownership.

With cryptocurrency supporting the economy of web3, NFTs can be thought of as property within this space. Leveraging the immutable nature of a blockchain, NFTs allow anyone to instantly verify authenticity or trace provenance through the history of ownership.

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This caffeinated contribution was written by Will Schneller. This artist turned founder, graduated from Iowa State University and is now an Entrepreneur-in-Residence at Drake University. As a curious creator, volunteer organizer for web3dsm, and owner of Totality – #14, Will has been exploring web3, AI, and how community brings it all together.

The hype of Beeple’s $69M NFT sale led to an explosion of interest in 2021, but the first NFT-like implementation can be traced back to Bitcoin’s Colored Coins Project proposed, in-part, by Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Butrin. Within this 2013 project, the process of making something distinct, like a fungible Bitcoin, was scrutinized by adding metadata into a coin. Smart contracts that include trackable metadata has become a critical component of NFTs. The most common standard for representing ownership of non-fungible tokens, is ERC-721, which has been battle-tested with the most recognizable NFT collections and is continually being refined.

There are two main misconceptions with NFTs. The first is that an NFT is only digital art. This overlooks one of the most powerful attributes of NFTs — flexibility. NFTs are web3 primitives that can represent nearly anything. They allow us to weave together a future that removes the barriers between the physical and digital worlds. The second is that an NFT is only a URL. While some NFTs use generative algorithms to write an image or other types of data directly to a blockchain, most NFTs reduce computational costs (which translates into higher gas fees) by innovating around the theory of ordinals or hosting larger elements of the asset on a decentralized storage system. The token itself goes beyond simply being a pointer and acts as an immutable record of ownership on a decentralized ledger. In an environment where code is law, the entire network recognizes and enforces your ownership via consensus.

Each NFT has no exact equivalent, but they can still evolve. How a token is organized within a collection, where it’s created, who collectively governs the network, and what future states may unfold, gives each NFT its own life cycle.

Before creation, NFTs are often organized into collections, regardless of how many tokens are minted. A blend of “token” and “economics”, tokenomics determine issuance, supply, and any mechanisms that will either reduce supply or incentivize holding. Since NFTs are immutable, a collection’s tokenomics should be carefully considered. Testnets allow for experimentation in the development stage, which aids in NFT development. While coding smart contracts directly into a blockchain is the most powerful, cost efficient, and flexible way to create NFTs, platforms like OpenSea, Thirdweb, Crossmint, and Manifold aspire to make NFT management more accessible.

To begin life on a blockchain, an NFT first needs to be minted. During this creation process, smart contract functions are executed. This assigns token IDs from the collection and may perform metadata randomization before broadcasting the ownership record over the blockchain. Mints can be public, or limited to allow lists. To reduce the potential for scams, allow lists (also called “whitelists”) collect, prioritize, and manage interest using wallet addresses from potential NFT buyers. The release of NFTs within a collection can be done all at once, scheduled over time, or perpetually open. Highly anticipated collections can cause congestion on a network, creating gas wars in which buyers can push their transactions to the front of the queue by paying higher fees.

Once minted, NFTs can be exchanged in many ways. They can be bought and sold using cryptocurrency on marketplaces like OpenSea, Blur, SuperRare, or Foundation. Marketplaces provide key infrastructure which, in addition to facilitating trade, aids in collection discovery. They can also be transferred via an airdrop, which is when NFTs are gifted into a digital wallet. Airdrops provide a creative way to share assets with each other, with senders usually paying any gas fee.

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Pay close attention when using your wallet to complete signature requests. Signing a malicious smart contract can grant token approvals for all assets in a wallet. One common hack is packaged in NFT airdrops. If you receive an unknown NFT in your wallet, do not interact, transfer, or sell it as these actions can activate unwanted access. There are many stories of epic heists, so do your research and stay vigilant.

Once acquired, you’ll receive the NFT at your wallet address. Despite the token appearing in a wallet, it’s not really in your wallet; your wallet is like a web browser for the blockchain. Using a wallet address, you can see NFTs you own, and due to the transparent nature of public blockchains, you can also see other people’s collections.

While creator compensation and basic commerce has been the most publicized aspects of NFTs, with over $40B in transaction volume in 2021 alone, there are also ways to extend the life cycle of NFTs. Concepts like “burning”, and “staking” create extensions to what an NFT can become. When an NFT is burned, it’s sent to a null address for which nobody has the private key. Burned tokens are effectively removed from circulation and reduce the initial collection’s supply. This action can support the tokenomics of a project, while also adding depth to ownership within an NFT collection. Another concept is staking, or the act of locking an NFT in a specialized contract that prohibits transactions. Staking also reduces the circulating supply, but does not permanently reduce the size of the collection, as an owner can reclaim the token. Staking is often used as a way to incentivize holding for long periods of time and often yields rewards.

Alright, we’ve covered what an NFT is and how they work. Let’s pour into some current applications of NFTs, such as digital art, curating collectables, celebrating ownership within video games, administering membership benefits, managing events, enhancing security, and even raising financial capital for a new business.

To date, digital art has emerged as the most common use of NFTs. Artists can now monetize their work, push creative boundaries, and even earn royalties on secondary sales. Platform take rates have thankfully plummeted, which further extends the runway for artists to stay creative. Art buyers also appreciate fewer intermediaries, verifiable provenance, and new ways to connect with the creator. Along with access to art, NFTs can also help identify authenticity alongside the dynamic rise of machine learning and generative AI.

Collectables are also being enhanced with NFTs. Sports memorabilia, trading cards, toys, clothing, accessories, or classic cars can now be supplemented with digital assets that go further than a linked QR code. NFTs can add discoverability, more ways to socially trade with fellow collectors, and have enabled creative ways to digitally interact with physical items. For example, imagine buying a fresh pair of shoes that come with an NFT. Whether you decide to wear this prized possession IRL or not, using the connected NFT, your upgraded character can now rock these collectable kicks in your favorite video game. This is just an example, but the convergence of online status and identity makes NFTs a prime way to create communities where people feel a sense of belonging.

Speaking of gaming, NFTs provide a natural fit for gamers to celebrate ownership and authority in video games. Currently, in-game items, whether consumable or cosmetic, are effectively rented by the players. If a game developer shuts down the servers, these treasured items would vanish. In a web3 world, NFTs would support more lasting ownership. A few early examples are blockchain-based games like Cryptokitties and Axie Infinity, but consider when in-game items in Minecraft, Fortnite, or Call of Duty, are NFTs that can be transferred between players and different games. Web3 is inherently permissionless and interoperable, so innovative tools and conventions need to be created to foster these harmonious initiatives. While there’s more to be done, we are seeing more trust-minimizing technologies championed by industry leaders like Yuga Labs and Polygon, who are focused on unlocking such compatibility at a fundamental level.

Beyond entertainment, NFTs offer a decentralized method to managing memberships and associated benefits. A few examples include NFTs that grant access to events with commemorative NFTs, such as POAPs, serving as artifacts to mark the moment. Like a ticket, NFT ownership can also grant access to communication platforms like Discord, decentralized autonomous organizations (“DAOs”), and commercial copyright licenses, enabling token holders to create products or services with built-in network effects. Founders can build real-time brand equity in a crowdsourced startup and established corporations like Starbucks, Lowe’s, and Reddit are inventing new ways to add value, enhance security, and deepen brand loyalty using NFTs.

If we accept that our world is becoming increasingly digitized, there’s a natural fit for NFTs to enhance products, services, and verifiable value. In the neon future, it’s not crazy to think NFTs may soon power simple assets like concert tickets, but also critical belongings such as birth certificates, college diplomas, real estate titles, and more. As web3 matures, the challenges of digital money, property, ownership, and commerce may introduce new barriers, but mainstream adoption into more advanced economic constructs can seamlessly reshape today’s barriers into tomorrow’s non-fungible future.

By Ben McDougal, ago

Mechanized Money

What enables us to have truly programmable money? After your Welcome to Web3, let’s keep curiosity fed with hot sips on crypto and how decentralized finance (“DeFi”) galvanizes web3!

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This caffeinated contribution is by Scott Herren, a blockchain developer building at the forefront of web3.

Blockchains

As we dive into web3, we must grok the traditional finance world. One of the primary challenges that bitcoin and blockchains seek to solve is the double spend problem. Double spending occurs when digital tender/fiat/currency is sent to multiple parties simultaneously or after a sender’s balance has elapsed. (There’s a ton more to learn about consensus and the Byzantine Generals’ problem, but we’ll leave that for another cup.) This, effectively, creates money from thin air and is what banks and the central banking system have helped prevent for the last few centuries. This power can be abused, so bitcoin looked to democratize the process of approving transactions by folks called miners.

The Bitcoin network went live in 2009. Initial traction was modest, but the “unspent transaction output” (UTXO) model for tracking transactions and balances proved to be groundbreaking. Bitcoins are “fractured” from their initial whole. These fractions are used as currency, which makes accounting inclusive, verifiable, and very transparent.

Blockchain technologies have evolved toward mainstream adoption, but cryptography has been studied since the 1980s. Bitcoin was first to crack the code, but different blockchains and more on-chain layers are being combined in powerful ways. Today, there are four main types of blockchain networks: public blockchains, private blockchains, consortium blockchains, and hybrid blockchains. It’s impossible to count private blockchains, consortium blockchains, and hybrid blockchains, but there are hundreds of public blockchain that are permissionless, meaning they are fully decentralized and anyone with an internet connection can equitably access the blockchain as an authorized node. Bitcoin and Ethereum are the two largest, with 10% of the global population owning some form of over 2,000 different cryptocurrencies.

Within each blockchain, layers provide infrastructure for web3 developers. Hardware, data, network, consensus, and application layers make blockchain technologies more usable, with each layer offering unique functionality.

The last ingredient in the blockchain recipe is hashing, which gives blockchains verifiability. With hashing algorithms, miners are assembling a historical ledger where any tampering of previous transactions will disrupt current calculations. With verifiable ledgers storing only valid transactions, the next cool thing we can do is automate value.

Smart Contracts

Smart contracts allow us to program, exchange, and intermediate value using the storage mechanisms first introduced by Bitcoin.In 2014, Ethereum introduced a new programming language called Solidity, which allows smart contracts to store value and other data. Gas is paid in Ether, the native token of Ethereum, for transactions that interact with smart contracts. Computationally intensity and network activity determine gas fees at any given time. These primitives have helped developers explore a vast array of mechanisms for coordinating value. Some have been successful while many others have taught us valuable lessons about this antifragile system.

One of the earliest successful smart contracts of Ethereum, The DAO, had a catastrophic contract bug (flaw in the programming) which we now refer to as a Reentrancy Attack. The DAO had coded a “shared bank account” where stakeholders could deposit Ether into the contract and receive a proportional share of tokens back. The goal was to collectively fund projects via token-weighted voting. While tokenomics and technical improvements have addressed many of the early missteps,  the major mechanisms are still widely used in token governance today.

Tokens & Standards

As the Ethereum Improvement Proposal (“EIP”) process matured in 2017, smart contracts began conforming to implementation standards. ERC-20 was the twentieth iteration, which included a request for comment offering a fungible token standard. To support an endless variety of projects, this token standard became the default for initial coin offerings (ICOs) that were sourcing funds to solve blockchain challenges. The power of this mechanism led to many overly ambitious projects that damaged trust with unfulfilled promises, but some of the powerhouses of today were launched during the ICO bubble.

Some other notable token standards are ERC-721, the non-fungible token,, and ERC-1155, the semi-fungible token. The adoption of these standards across the ecosystem allows for tight composability and interoperability across protocols. These “money legos” act like building blocks for DeFi, but before we get to decentralized finance, let’s first cash in on the most prolific tokens within our global economy: stablecoins.

Stablecoins

Stablecoins peg their value off another asset, generally something stable like the US Dollar or gold. Stablecoins can also derive value by being fiat-backed, collateral-backed, and algorithmic. 

Fiat-backed stablecoins are backed by fiat money in an auditable bank account. Fiat money is a government-issued currency not backed by a commodity such as gold. Popular examples are Circle’s USDC, Gemini’s GUSD, and Tether. While fiat stablecoins are quite easy to scale they also have trade-offs with their decentralization properties. The blocklists of these stablecoins are growing as more projects comply with jurisdictional requirements.

Collateral-backed stablecoins are backed by assets that are locked on-chain and transparently auditable at any time. The largest of these, Dai, is mostly backed by Ether. When done right, these types of stablecoins have great decentralization properties, but are much more difficult to scale and can have liquidity issues from a market squeeze.

The final type of stablecoin is algorithmically balanced with a system known as “seigniorage shares”. It’s important to mention “algo-stablcoins”, as implementations have not been successful to-date, so you may want to avoid these types of stablecoins until technology can unequivocally support the ideology. Alright, with tokens and places to store value, let’s look at innovating within traditional financial exchanges.

Lending & Exchanges

After the rush of late 2017, the buidl market set in. Organizations committed to building, have delivered on overcollateralized lending and borrowing on-chain. Lenders can lock their collateral to earn from borrowers, but borrowers need to be lenders of another token and ensure their loans remain sufficiently overcollateralized. Lending and borrowing rely on asset prices to determine liquidation thresholds, but if these can be manipulated, then the system is vulnerable. The Oracle Problem is one that doesn’t often get surfaced, but is becoming more crucial as the value of attacks increases.

Early experiments around what order books looked like on-chain were clunky. Each bid, update, acceptance, or cancellation required another transaction and gas. This changed in 2018, when Uniswap used the Ethereum blockchain to provide a simple interface to swap tokens. Uniswap flipped the concept of traditional order books on its head. Instead of creating offers to buy or sell, a market maker can provide two tokens in a pool and the protocol holds the ratio of the tokens in the pool equal. These pools are called automated market makers (AMMs) and the pools leverage the equation  k=x*y, generally referred to as the constant product market maker (CPMM). You’ll see AMMs often, with the CPMM formula occasionally cited. This supports a very simple token swap without accepting a costly series of orders. Being a non-custodial, decentralized exchange you also never give up control of your tokens until the swap actually occurs.

As crypto is managed, liquidity incentives were initially implemented by Yearn Finance, a protocol that automates the lending process to earn yields from on-chain assets that could be held or traded on the market. Many incentives came from token inflation that hadn’t found value loops and proved to be unsustainable. Since 2020, years of rapid experimentation has revealed innovations that are continuing to push DeFi forward.

DeFi’s Destiny

This magical dark forest can be treacherous, but system level engineering takes time and it’s liberating to build with so many intrepids learning together. As we complete this download, here are a few interesting use cases to keep us thinking about what’s possible beyond traditional finance.

  • Instead of getting paid every two weeks or each month, smart contracts can create payment streams. Instant access to financial capital furnishes more financial freedom, while still maintaining refill or cancellation options. Along with incoming compensation, outgoing subscription fees and self-repaying loans are also use cases where automation can further optimize financial control.
  • Also known as no-loss lotteries, prize-linked savings accounts, are not uncommon in the traditional finance world. Local municipalities and credit unions have generally handled them. Pooling capital and lending it to others is also used in smaller communities to help with small, low-cost loans. With an end-to-end process, smart contracts enable little to no overhead, which makes nearly all of the earnings available to participants.
  • The most magical of our new tools! Flash loans allow for borrowing a near-infinite amount of a token, given the loan is paid back within the same transaction. This visualization of a flash loan transaction will add clarity, but in short, if there are transactions that require more capital and can be facilitated within one block, they have been democratized to anyone with access to a scripting language and a relaying node.

DeFi provides composable tools for traditional and innovative finance primitives. Being able to mechanize your money and the value it delivers within a network is super powerful. When web3 concepts hook into the financial primitives of crypto, the global economy can leverage faster, more equitable, and safer peer-to-peer commerce.

By Ben McDougal, ago

Welcome to Web3

“Where should I start?”

I hear this a lot when web3 terms like decentralization, blockchain, cryptocurrency, NFT, minting, gas fees, DAO, smart contracts, dapps, metaverse, tokenomics, and wallet addresses emerge in conversation. This month we’ll explore this futuristic frontier together!

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Before we drip in, it’s good to recognize that there is already a ton of research, content, and resources around web3 online. I share this disclaimer to add an approachable sense of lightness here. My goal is to share some early observations while teaming up with a few web3 crusaders to help translate a few compelling concepts. Whether this voyage is the first time you’ve heard of web3 or this is just another island in your ongoing exploration, pour another cup of curiosity and let’s drip in.

Back in the 1990s, we dialed up and waited for CDs in the mail to avoid paying for every minute of access to the world wide web. This early version of the Internet was built by developers and primarily delivered content in one direction. Websites were static and really only available for people to read. This read-only experience is referred to as web1.

With the rise of personal computers and online connectivity growing fast, around 20 years ago, the Internet started paving a two-way street. Remember endless chats on AIM? How about the sense of belonging on bulletin boards, the first time you managed your own content on a website, or the time spent designing your MySpace page? The ability for everyone to read AND write into the Internet is our current state and can be considered web2.

As supercomputers landed in the palm of our hand, the bionic connection to machines accelerated the connectivity worldwide and ushered in our connected era. While such affinity allows us all to do more with less, the platforms that support this connectedness have become centralized. This gives immense power (and liability) to organizations that control ownership, data security, privacy, and scalability. As our shared dependency on technology fed web2 archetypes, humanity became numb to the endless exchange of our personal data for convenience. This convenience has activated absolute accessibility, but how can we now use the connected era to power what’s next?

web3 is a concept that describes the future of how we will connect, communicate, and collaborate online. Web3 technologies strive to optimize opportunity with distributed, permissionless, transparent, proportionate, and verifiable decentralization. If web1 was read-only and web2 is read+write, web3 is read+write+own.

If your jargon alarm just exploded, it’s because this space is still undefined. There are few industry standards, as we’re in the midst of labeling a wide variety of efflorescent activity. One interesting thing about web3 jargon, is that it often describes things we already know. Advancing technology supports key attributes that make web3 concepts different, but here’s what I mean. Currency for instance, is the oldest story humans have used to exchange value. Access to a securely shared database is old hat for web2 wizards. We’ve lived in Sim City long before the metaverse, everyone already has flight tickets landing in digital wallets, and communities always thrive when they are brewed from within. That warm take is not to discount the magic that may be web3, but instead, to make it feel less distant. As web3 concepts move through the technology adoption life cycle, innovators and early adopters will continue to agree on terms that help translate the way different technologies work together. Tomorrow is today and as innovative ideology is normalized by mainstream adoption, it will be fascinating to see what concepts prevail.

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No AI support was used in this writing.

Let’s temporarily terminate this approachable welcome to web3 by chewing on key terms. With this being a working draft (current version below) supported by linked resources, take one more minute to give yourself a serious boost of confidence as we continue to explore web3 together.

Decentralization – Sufficiently transitioning from single authorities to proportionately deliver verifiable ownership, access, control, transparency, communication, and governance to many stakeholders.

Dapp – A decentralized application built on a decentralized network that combines a smart contract and a frontend user interface. <more on dapps>

Wallet – This is your tool to access the world of web3. A wallet is used to interact with dapps, store public/private keys, and connect digital assets to a specific network location. Each wallet has a unique wallet address that can be used for cryptocurrency transactions and digital signatures. <more on wallets>

Wallet Address – Wallet addresses refer to a specific location on a network and look like this: 0xb794f5ea0ba39494ce839613fffba74279579268. These hexadecimal strings are generated from the wallet’s private key, which is required to securely send or receive data from one address to another. Like URLs for a website, ENS masks long wallet addresses with more approachable names like yourname.ETH. A wallet address can be treated similar to an email address and shared with care, while seed phrases and private keys should never be shared.

Blockchains – A decentralized immutable system that records every transaction with transparent logs on a dynamic ledger. There are private/permissioned and public/permissionless blockchains, with different levels to build on. <more on blockchains>

Smart Contract – Code-based agreement that establishes terms for how a transaction is executed for stakeholders involved, automated governance, arbitration procedures, and more. <more on smart contracts>

Cryptocurrency – Fungible assets used to support immutable financial transactions between stakeholders. There are four categories (payment cryptocurrencies, tokens, stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies) and over 20K+ different cryptocurrencies that total a market capitalization of $850B+, with Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) maintaining the largest market caps. <bitcoin white paper>

DeFi – Acronym for decentralized finance, which helps to weave cryptocurrency into the existing financial industry. <more on DeFi>

NFT – Short for “non-fungible token”, these are unique digital assets that use smart contracts to connect to blockchains, which autonomously applies, tracks, and transfers digital signatures and verifiable ownership. Non-fungible means that something is unique and can not be replaced. In contrast, physical money and cryptocurrencies are fungible, as they can be traded or exchanged for one another. <more on NFTs>

POAP – A proof of attendance protocol, which uses NFTs as tickets for an event or attendee confirmation at IRL (in real life) and online events. <more on POAPs>

Minting – The process of locking a cryptographic asset (such as an NFT) into a blockchain.

Airdrop – Giveaways sent to a digital wallet. They provide a creative way for people to share assets with each other, with senders usually paying any gas fee. Be skeptical of anything you receive that is airdropped from an unknown source. Like clicking links or opening attachments in emailed spam, there are poisonous airdrops that can force access into your digital wallet when a malicious item is transferred. To be safe, if an unrecognized airdrop lands in your digital wallet, leave it alone.

Gas Fee – One-time transaction fee to cover the dynamic costs of computing, electricity, and network verification required to interact with blockchains.

DAO – Acronym for “decentralized autonomous organization”, which can be compared to organizational structures like co-ops, LLCs, or venture capital firms. The specific structure, treasury, rules, and governance depend on the DAO and the group’s collective goals. <more on DAOs>

Metaverse – Interoperable virtual environments where users can interact with each other from anywhere. The rise of virtual and augmented reality has led to more immersive experiences.

Tokenomics – The abstract study of how digital assets work within social economic frameworks. Theories can range from how value is strategically perceived within a small DAO, all the way up to the global economy.

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By Ben McDougal, ago